Thursday, April 24, 2025

The Unexpected Gift: How Supporting Busy Moms Transformed My Professional Identity

 




I never planned to specialize in supporting mothers. In fact, not being a mother myself, I wasn't sure I could effectively serve their needs. But sometimes our greatest professional strengths emerge from unexpected places.

After transitioning from retail management to virtual assistance, I took on clients from various industries. Among them were three mothers running businesses—one a therapist with a private practice, another a graphic designer with a growing agency, and a third selling handmade products online.

These were not the high-powered executives I had initially targeted. They weren't leading corporations or managing large teams as I once did. Their businesses were smaller, more personal. I wondered if my extensive operational experience might be wasted.

I was wrong.

What I discovered was that mothers running businesses face uniquely complex operational challenges. They're not just balancing work and life—they're integrating them in a constantly shifting equation where variables change daily. A sick child, a school event, a childcare emergency—these aren't occasional disruptions but regular features of their professional landscape.

My background managing 2,500 employees across multiple locations had trained me to handle exactly this kind of complexity. In retail operations, no day goes according to plan. A staffing shortage here, an inventory problem there, a sudden rush of customers—retail managers live in a constant state of recalibration.

These adaptive management skills transferred perfectly to supporting mother entrepreneurs. When my client texts, "School just called. My son has a fever. Can you reschedule everything?" I don't panic. I pivot. When a client explains that she can only work during nap times and after bedtime, I don't see limitations—I see scheduling parameters, just like staffing constraints in my retail days.

What's most fascinating is how this specialty has changed my professional identity. In the Philippines, I was defined by my title and the number of people I managed. My professional worth was measured in hierarchy and scope of responsibility. Becoming a VA initially felt like stepping down from that position of authority.

But supporting mothers has reframed my understanding of impactful work. I'm no longer measuring my professional value by how many employees I supervise. Instead, I measure it by how effectively I create space for these women to succeed on their own terms.

When my therapist client tells me she was able to attend her daughter's school play because I reorganized her schedule, that feels more meaningful than any corporate achievement. When my graphic designer client lands a major project because I created systems that made her business appear larger and more established than her competitors, I feel a different kind of professional pride.

I've discovered that the real power of my operational expertise isn't in controlling large systems but in creating efficient small ones that accommodate human unpredictability. My Filipino cultural value of bayanihan—community support to achieve a common goal—feels more authentically expressed in this work than it ever did in corporate management.

I may not be a mother myself, but supporting mothers has mothered a new professional identity—one that values flexibility over hierarchy, impact over title, and human connection over corporate achievement.

Sometimes the most profound professional growth comes from serving those whose lives look nothing like our own.

 

Finding Home: Why I'll Always Love the Philippines




There's a saying that home isn't a place, it's a feeling. For me, that feeling has a name: Cebu, Philippines. No matter how globally connected my work becomes, the Philippines is the heartbeat that keeps me grounded.

The Taste of Home (Sometimes Eaten in Darkness)

Let me tell you about balut. If you're not Filipino, you might wrinkle your nose at the thought of eating a fertilized duck egg. I get it. Even as a proud Filipino, I have to eat it in complete darkness sometimes! There's something slightly unsettling about seeing what you're about to consume. But here's the truth – I couldn't imagine living without it.

It's those quirky, sometimes challenging aspects of your home that often create the strongest bonds. The foods that visitors approach with caution but locals crave when they're away. The cultural experiences that might seem unusual to outsiders but feel like essential pieces of your identity.

Globally Connected, Locally Rooted

My professional life connects me to the world in ways my ancestors could never have imagined. As a VA working with international clients, I've managed a team of 2,500 people handling imports and exports across continents. I've collaborated closely with Japanese companies and built relationships with businesses around the globe.

My mind travels the world each day through my work, but my heart remains firmly planted in Philippine soil. There's something powerful about being able to participate in the global economy while still waking up to the sights, sounds, and smells that have always meant home to me.

This duality has given me a unique perspective – I can appreciate what makes other cultures beautiful while still cherishing what makes my own special.

The Filipino Spirit

When visitors come to the Philippines, they often comment on how happy and positive Filipinos seem, even when facing challenges. This isn't accidental – it's a cultural value that runs deep in our collective identity.

We Filipinos have a remarkable capacity for finding joy in simple moments and maintaining optimism in difficult circumstances. There's a bias toward generosity here – toward family, toward neighbors, toward those in need. Even when we have little, sharing comes naturally.

This spirit of "bayanihan" – communal unity and cooperation – isn't something I've found replicated exactly anywhere else. It's the invisible thread that connects Filipinos to each other and creates that sense of belonging that defines home.

Finding Your Own Home

Not everyone is fortunate enough to be born in a place that feels like home. Some spend years searching for it. Others create it wherever they happen to be.

If you were lucky enough to be born in your heart's home, as I was, cherish it. Don't take for granted the cultural touchstones and community connections that give you roots. They're precious beyond measure.

If you're still searching for home, don't give up. It exists. Sometimes you discover it in an unexpected country across the ocean. Sometimes you create it by gathering like-minded souls around you who share your values and vision.

The most important thing isn't where your home is located, but that you recognize it when you find it – that place where you can be fully yourself, with all your contradictions and complexities.

For me, that place will always be the Philippines. I may be a citizen of the world in many ways, but my heart holds a Philippine passport, and no amount of global connection will ever change that.

Home isn't perfect – it has flaws and challenges, just like the balut I eat in darkness. But it's mine. And recognizing your home, embracing it fully, is one of life's greatest gifts.

What's your home? Have you found it yet?

 

Beyond the Words: How Language Nuances Impact Client Relationships

 

 


"I need you to create a blog post about productivity tools."

This simple request seems straightforward enough. But as a bilingual professional who has managed cross-cultural teams and now serves international clients, I've learned that language is rarely as clear-cut as it appears on the surface.

Does the client want one comprehensive blog post? Multiple posts? Should I suggest tools, or review them? Is this for technical users or beginners?

These questions arise not from a lack of clarity on the client's part, but from the beautiful complexity of language itself—a complexity that becomes even more apparent when working across cultural and linguistic boundaries.

The Article Art: When "A" Makes All the Difference

Among the most subtle yet impactful language nuances are articles—those tiny words like "a," "an," and "the" that English speakers use almost unconsciously. Yet these small words carry tremendous meaning.

Consider these seemingly similar requests:

"Please create a social media calendar for March." "Please create the social media calendar for March."

To a non-native English speaker (or even many native speakers), these might appear identical. But the first request suggests creating one of many possible calendars, while the second implies there's a specific, established format the client expects.

During my years managing 2,500 employees across retail operations, I witnessed countless miscommunications stemming from these subtle distinctions. A regional manager would request "a report" when they actually expected multiple reports; a marketing director would ask for "the design" when multiple options were needed.

These misunderstandings weren't just linguistic hiccups—they resulted in wasted resources, missed deadlines, and occasionally damaged relationships.

Singular vs. Plural: The Hidden Expectations

Another common source of miscommunication lies in the distinction between singular and plural nouns. Consider:

"Please write blog post ideas for our campaign." "Please write a blog post for our campaign."

Does the first request want multiple ideas for a single post, or ideas for multiple posts? Does the second request want just one post, or is "a blog post" being used to describe the content type?

I once had a client request "a social media post" for their product launch. After delivering a single, carefully crafted Facebook post, I discovered they had expected posts (plural) for multiple platforms. The miscommunication delayed their launch by three days.

This experience taught me that questions aren't signs of incompetence—they're evidence of thoroughness.

The Proactive Clarification Approach

Rather than assuming I understand exactly what clients mean, I've developed a proactive clarification approach that prevents misunderstandings before work begins:

1. Identify potential ambiguities in requests, particularly around quantity, specificity, and scope

2. Ask targeted clarifying questions that offer options rather than placing the communication burden on the client

3. Summarize understanding before beginning work

4. Provide progress updates that allow for course correction if necessary

When a client requests "a report on website traffic," my response isn't to simply say "yes." Instead, I might ask: "Would you prefer a comprehensive analysis of all traffic sources over the past three months, or a focused summary of the top five traffic sources since our recent campaign launch?"

This approach not only prevents misunderstandings but actually strengthens client relationships by demonstrating attentiveness and foresight.

Cultural Context: Beyond Grammar

Language nuances extend beyond grammar to cultural expectations around communication itself. In some cultures, direct questions might seem confrontational; in others, not asking questions appears negligent.

My Filipino background, combined with my experience working with international teams, has taught me to adapt my clarification approach to each client's cultural context. Some prefer detailed written clarifications; others respond better to quick verbal check-ins.

Understanding these preferences isn't just about language—it's about respect.

The Value of Linguistic Sensitivity

In today's globally connected business environment, linguistic sensitivity isn't a luxury—it's a necessity. Whether you're working with international clients, diverse teams, or simply communicating across departmental boundaries, the ability to recognize and navigate language nuances directly impacts results.

As a virtual assistant with both bilingual capabilities and extensive management experience, I bring this sensitivity to every client relationship—ensuring that we're not just exchanging words, but truly understanding each other.

The difference between good service and exceptional partnership often lies not in grand strategies but in these small moments of clarity—beyond the words themselves.

 

Words Without Borders: How My Bilingual Edge Supercharges Your Business

 



In today's interconnected business landscape, language is more than just a communication tool—it's a competitive advantage. As a bilingual professional fluent in both English and Filipino, I bring more than just translation capabilities to my virtual assistance work. My dual-language fluency has shaped how I think, solve problems, and bridge cultural gaps in ways that create unique advantages for the clients I serve.

Beyond Translation: The Cognitive Advantage

Research consistently shows that bilingual individuals process information differently. The constant mental juggling between languages develops enhanced cognitive flexibility, creative problem-solving, and multitasking capabilities. This isn't just academic theory—it's a practical advantage I bring to every client relationship.

When facing complex business challenges, I naturally approach problems from multiple angles, considering possibilities that might be overlooked by someone operating within a single linguistic framework. This cognitive flexibility manifests in tangible business outcomes:

For a client launching an e-commerce business targeting diverse markets, I developed a customer service protocol that anticipated cultural misunderstandings before they occurred. What began as a standard operating procedure evolved into a competitive advantage, with customers frequently commenting on the "unusually intuitive" support they received.

Another client, struggling to simplify complex technical documentation for a diverse audience, benefited from my ability to mentally shift between language structures. The result was communication that maintained technical accuracy while achieving remarkable clarity—something previous writers had struggled to balance.

This isn't about speaking two languages; it's about thinking in two different ways.

Cultural Context: Reading Between the Lines

Language and culture are inseparably intertwined. Being bilingual means I don't just understand words—I understand the cultural contexts that give those words meaning.

During my years managing retail operations in the Philippines, I regularly navigated communications between our international corporate office and local teams. What looked like simple instructions on paper often carried complex cultural implications that, if misunderstood, could derail implementation. My role became that of a cultural interpreter, ensuring that messages were understood not just linguistically but contextually.

I now bring this skill to my virtual assistance work, particularly when clients interact with international partners, suppliers, or customers:

For a client negotiating with Asian suppliers, I identified subtle signals in their communication that indicated hesitation—nuances that weren't explicit in the English words but were clear to someone familiar with Asian communication patterns. This insight allowed us to address concerns before they became obstacles, accelerating the negotiation process.

Another client struggled with customer service issues stemming from cultural misunderstandings rather than product problems. By developing communication templates that respected cultural expectations around directness, formality, and problem-solving approaches, we reduced escalations by 73% within two months.

In an increasingly global marketplace, this cultural fluency isn't just helpful—it's essential.

Relationship Building: The Trust Accelerator

Perhaps the most powerful aspect of bilingualism in business is its ability to accelerate trust-building. When someone hears their native language—even if just a few words—barriers drop and connections form more quickly.

During my time managing 2,500 employees across various retail locations, I observed how teams with leaders who could communicate in both English and Filipino consistently outperformed those with monolingual leadership. The difference wasn't in the instructions given but in the relationships formed and the trust established.

This principle extends to virtual assistance work in surprising ways:

For a client entering the Southeast Asian market, I created relationship-building communications that incorporated culturally significant phrases and references. The response was immediate—potential partners who had been hesitant became engaged, specifically mentioning their appreciation for the cultural respect shown.

Even with primarily English-speaking clients, my understanding of how language shapes relationships allows me to craft communications that build trust more effectively. One client noted that our working relationship developed "in weeks what usually takes months" with other assistants.

The Practical Application: Your Business Advantage

These bilingual advantages translate into specific benefits for businesses I support:

Market Expansion Support: Beyond just translating materials, I can help you enter new markets with communication strategies that respect cultural nuances and build authentic connections.

Enhanced Problem-Solving: Complex business challenges benefit from the cognitive flexibility that comes from bilingual thinking, especially when standard approaches aren't yielding results.

Relationship Acceleration: Whether you're building client relationships, negotiating with suppliers, or developing partnerships, language-informed communication strategies can significantly speed trust development.

Conflict Resolution: When misunderstandings arise (as they inevitably do in business), bilingual and bicultural awareness provides additional tools for identifying the root causes and finding resolutions.

A World Without Borders

In a business landscape where geographical boundaries matter less than ever, linguistic and cultural boundaries remain significant obstacles—or opportunities, depending on how you approach them.

Working with a virtual assistant who brings not just bilingual capabilities but the cognitive, cultural, and relationship advantages that come with them gives your business an edge in an increasingly global marketplace.

Ready to Expand Your Business Beyond Language Boundaries?

If you're looking to enhance your business operations, expand into new markets, or simply improve your communication effectiveness, let's talk about how my bilingual advantage can become your business advantage.

Contact me today for a consultation about how we can supercharge your business communication and operations with language-informed strategies that go far beyond words.

 

East Meets West in Your Inbox: The Cultural Intelligence Advantage

 



In today's global business landscape, your inbox is likely a melting pot of cultural diversity. Emails from Tokyo sit beside messages from Toronto; requests from Sydney appear alongside inquiries from San Francisco. While most virtual assistants can manage message volume, true inbox mastery requires something deeper: cultural intelligence. As a Filipino professional who has managed international teams and now supports clients across multiple continents, I've discovered that understanding the cultural nuances behind each message creates opportunities that others miss entirely.

The Hidden Language Behind Words

When a Japanese client writes "I will consider your proposal," are they politely declining or genuinely contemplating your offer? When an American client sends a terse three-word response, are they upset or simply efficient? The answers lie not just in the words themselves, but in understanding the cultural context behind them.

During my years managing 2500+ employees at a major retail operation in the Philippines, I witnessed countless miscommunications between our international headquarters and local teams. What headquarters intended as straightforward requests often felt like harsh demands to Filipino staff; what Filipino teams meant as respectful suggestions often appeared as indecision to Western leadership.

This experience taught me to read between the lines of cross-cultural communication. I now bring this skill to my virtual assistance work, translating not just the words but the intentions behind messages from diverse clients and their contacts. One client recently shared that my ability to "decode" communication from their Asian partners helped secure a partnership that had stalled for months due to subtle misunderstandings neither side recognized.

Timing and Rhythm: The Unspoken Rules of Response

Cultural intelligence extends beyond message content to the rhythm of communication itself. Different cultures maintain different expectations about response times, level of detail, and communication frequency.

Western business culture often prizes quick responses and direct questions. Many Asian business cultures value thoughtful consideration and context-building before addressing core concerns. Middle Eastern business communication frequently emphasizes relationship-building exchanges before operational discussions.

Having navigated these differences throughout my career, I develop customized communication protocols for each client relationship. For a Canadian entrepreneur expanding into Southeast Asian markets, I created a communication system that respected both her need for efficiency and her partners' expectations for relationship-focused exchanges. This included:

· Immediate acknowledgment responses that respected time differences

· Thoughtfully timed follow-ups calibrated to cultural expectations

· Relationship-building elements strategically incorporated into operational communications

The result? Negotiations that previously stretched for weeks now concluded efficiently, with both sides feeling respected and understood.

Bridging Divides: Conflict Resolution Across Cultures

Perhaps the most valuable application of cultural intelligence comes when tensions arise—as they inevitably do in global business. When conflicts emerge, understanding the cultural frameworks of all involved parties becomes essential.

In some cultures, disagreement is expressed directly and addressing conflict head-on is expected. In others, harmony is prioritized and disagreement is communicated through subtle cues. What appears as agreement in one culture might be reluctant acquiescence in another; what registers as minor feedback in one context might signal significant concern in another.

I've developed a conflict resolution approach that creates cultural bridges during tense situations. For an American client working with suppliers across Southeast Asia, I helped navigate a significant production delay by identifying the face-saving communications needed before the practical solutions could be implemented—resolving in days what might otherwise have created weeks of circular communication.

Beyond Translation: Creating Cultural Connection

Cultural intelligence isn't just about avoiding misunderstandings—it's about creating deeper connections that build trust and opportunity.

When working with clients expanding into new markets, I don't just manage communications—I identify cultural touchpoints that create authentic connections. This might mean noting important cultural holidays, understanding regional business practices, or recognizing status indicators that might otherwise go unnoticed.

For a client entering the Filipino market, I developed a relationship-building calendar that acknowledged appropriate moments for personal connection according to local business culture. The result was partnerships that developed at a pace that surprised even experienced market expansion consultants.

Transform Your Global Reach

In a business landscape where borders increasingly blur, cultural intelligence isn't a luxury—it's a competitive necessity. Whether you're actively expanding globally or simply communicating with diverse clients and vendors, the ability to navigate cultural nuances determines whether opportunities are seized or squandered.

Ready to Bring Cultural Intelligence to Your Communications?

If miscommunications, delays, or missed opportunities have affected your cross-cultural business relationships, let's talk. My background bridging Eastern and Western business practices allows me to bring a unique cultural intelligence advantage to your inbox—and your business relationships.

Contact me today for a consultation on how cultural intelligence can transform your global communications from potential pitfalls into strategic advantages.

Corner Office to Home Office: What 2,500 Employees Taught Me About Serving You Better


For over a decade, my professional identity was defined by the corner office I occupied as an Area Operations Manager overseeing 2,500 employees across multiple retail locations in the Philippines. My days were filled with executive decisions, strategy meetings, and a constant stream of assistants bringing me reports, schedules, and problems to solve. I was the one being served—until I wasn't.

Today, I work from a modest home office, serving clients as a virtual assistant. This career pivot wasn't just a change in title or location—it was a complete reversal of professional perspective that has given me unique insights most VAs simply don't possess.

The View from Both Sides of the Desk

Having once been the executive receiving support, I understand what truly matters to decision-makers in ways that most assistants never will. What kept me awake at night wasn't whether my inbox was organized or my calendar color-coded—it was whether the people supporting me understood my priorities well enough to make decisions in my absence.

The most valuable assistants I had weren't the ones who waited for instructions; they were the ones who anticipated needs, recognized patterns, and solved problems before they reached my desk. They didn't just execute tasks—they created systems that prevented issues from arising in the first place.

This experience now forms the foundation of my approach to virtual assistance. When a client mentions an upcoming product launch, I don't just note the date—I create a comprehensive backward-planning timeline with built-in buffer zones. When I notice a recurring customer question, I don't just answer it repeatedly—I develop a template or FAQ that addresses the underlying need.

One client recently told me, "It's like you've been in my head. You solve problems I didn't even know I had." I hadn't been in her head—but I had been in her position.

Leadership Perspective: The Secret Ingredient

Managing 2,500 employees taught me that effective leadership isn't about control—it's about amplification. My job wasn't to do everything myself but to create systems that allowed hundreds of people to work effectively toward common goals.

I bring this same perspective to my virtual assistance work. Rather than simply completing tasks, I focus on creating systems that amplify my clients' effectiveness:

· Instead of just managing an email inbox, I develop communication frameworks that reduce email volume by 40-60%

· Rather than just scheduling appointments, I create time blocking systems that protect deep work and prevent fragmented days

· Beyond tracking expenses, I identify spending patterns and propose operational efficiencies

This leadership mindset transforms the traditional VA relationship from "helper" to "strategic partner." A recent client, an emerging entrepreneur, credited our systems-focused approach with "achieving in months what would have taken years to figure out alone."

The Human Element: Lessons from Large-Scale Management

Perhaps the most valuable lesson from managing thousands of employees wasn't about processes or systems—it was about people. In retail operations, I learned that behind every spreadsheet, metric, and procedure were human beings with unique motivations, communication styles, and work preferences.

I discovered that the most effective operations weren't those with the most rigid systems but those that balanced structure with flexibility—adapting to human needs while maintaining consistent outcomes.

This human-centered approach now distinguishes my virtual assistance work. Before implementing any system or process for clients, I dig deep to understand not just their business objectives but their personal work styles:

· Do they prefer comprehensive information or executive summaries?

· Are they visual thinkers who need graphical representations, or do they prefer raw data?

· Do they make decisions quickly with limited information, or do they prefer extensive analysis?

One client, a consultant who had worked with three previous VAs, expressed surprise at this approach: "No one has ever asked me these questions before. They all just started doing things their way and wondered why it wasn't working."

The Transformation Advantage

The journey from corner office to home office—from being served to serving—has given me a perspective that can't be taught in VA courses or certification programs. It comes only from having experienced both sides of the desk, understanding both the pressures of executive decision-making and the requirements of effective support.

This dual perspective allows me to provide not just task completion but transformational support that evolves as your business grows. Unlike VAs who have only ever been assistants, I can anticipate the challenges of scale before they arise and implement systems that grow with you.

Ready for Support That Truly Understands Your Position?

If you're tired of explaining what you need from assistants who have never sat in your chair, let's talk. My background managing large-scale operations and supporting thousands of employees has prepared me to understand your needs—often before you articulate them yourself.

Contact me today for a consultation about how my corner-office-to-home-office perspective can transform your business operations and free you to focus on the work only you can do.

 

Growth Through Challenge: Why Comfortable Positions Limit Your Potential

 



My Journey from Comfort to Growth

When I first entered the professional world, I gravitated toward what felt familiar. I sought positions where I already knew the expectations and could excel without much stretching. The work was steady, predictable, and completely comfortable. I was good at what I did, but looking back, I wasn't growing.  In fact, I was using my skills only to benefit myself.

Everything changed when I met my mentor, Jonathan. During one of our early conversations, he asked me a simple but profound question: "What have you done in the past six months that surprised you?" My uncomfortable silence was revealing.

"Comfort is the enemy of growth," Jonathan told me. "If you're not occasionally failing or struggling, you're probably not pushing your boundaries far enough."

The Discomfort of New Challenges

Taking Jonathan's advice to heart, I asked him to help me find new positions that scared me a little. I volunteered for positions where I lacked experience. I took on heavy loads that made my stomach tighten with anxiety, depending on the amount of work I had to swallow. The first few months in each new position were often difficult, sometimes even painful.

I remember calling out to Jonathan after a particularly challenging position (one of my first), nearly in tears. I felt like this new position was just tearing me open.  "This is how you know you're growing," he reassured me. "The discomfort you're feeling is your mind and abilities expanding."

He was right. With each challenging position, I developed new skills, new perspectives, and new confidence. The positions that initially seemed most daunting ultimately provided the richest learning experiences.

The Pattern of Growth

As I embraced this philosophy of seeking challenge rather than comfort, I noticed a pattern. Each new position followed a similar trajectory:

1. Initial discomfort and uncertainty

2. A period of intense learning and adaptation

3. Growing competence and confidence

4. The dangerous emergence of comfort

5. The necessity to move on to new and more difficult positions

The most important insight was recognizing when I had reached that fourth stage. Once a position became completely comfortable, it was time to seek a new challenge. This wasn't about position-hopping, but rather about continually expanding my capabilities within or beyond myself.

What This Means for College Women Entering the Workforce

As you prepare to launch your career, I encourage you to resist the natural inclination toward positions that feel safe and familiar. Instead:

· Seek positions that stretch you. The roles that make you think "I'm not sure I can do this" are precisely the ones that will accelerate your growth.

· Embrace the discomfort of being a beginner. The temporary pain of feeling incompetent is the necessary price of developing new strengths.  Breaking through that inner wall will sometimes feel painful, but that is the only way to grow.

· Recognize when you've outgrown a position. When you no longer feel challenged, it's time to seek new territory, even if that means creating new challenges within your current role.

· Value growth over immediate comfort. Early in your career, prioritize positions that will develop your capabilities rather than those that merely showcase your existing strengths.

· Find mentors who will push you beyond your comfort zone. Surround yourself with people who will push you to do things that you never even dreamed of.

The path of continuous challenge isn't always easy, but it leads to extraordinary growth. Had I stayed in my initial comfortable positions, I would have missed the richness of experiences that have shaped my life and expanded my value in the marketplace.

As you prepare to enter the professional world, remember that your greatest growth will come not from the positions where you feel most comfortable, but from those that challenge you to become more than you currently are.

From Managing Hundreds to Supporting One

Return to Belonging: An OFW's Rediscovery of Home

They say that absence makes the heart grow fonder. Whoever "they" are, I'd like to thank them for summing up my entire six-yea...